Learn About Gonorrhea and How to Prevent It

Gonorrhea (also known as “the clap”) is an infection caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is passed on during vaginal, anal, and oral sex (performing or receiving). Many men infected with gonorrhea have symptoms, while most women do not. If it is undiagnosed and untreated, gonorrhea can cause serious health complications.

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

Sometimes, there are no symptoms. Many people with gonorrhea are asymptomatic, which means they don’t show any symptoms of infection. If there are symptoms, they typically show in two days to five days in males, with a possible range of one to 30 days. In females, symptoms develop within 10 days of infection.

Possible symptoms in males:

Yellowish-white discharge from the penis
Burning or pain when urinating
Urinating more often than usual
Pain or swelling of the testicles

Women usually don’t have symptoms, but might experience:

Abnormal discharge from the vagina that is yellow and sometimes bloody.
Burning or pain when urinating

When the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes, some women still have no signs or symptoms. Others may have one or more of the following symptoms, which can be a sign that the infection has progressed to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, pain during intercourse, bleeding between menstrual periods, nausea, fever.

Can gonorrhea cause anal or throat infections?

It is possible to have a rectal or anal gonorrhea infection. In about 90% of cases, there are no symptoms. If there are symptoms, they may include anal or rectal itching, discharge, and pain during defecation (pooping).

Gonorrhea infections of the mouth and throat also usually have no symptoms, but a person may experience soreness and redness in the mouth or throat. A culture test is used to determine if gonorrhea is causing these symptoms.

How is gonorrhea diagnosed?

There are different testing options including urine or swab tests. It may be helpful to speak to your health care provider about what testing options they have available.

Yearly gonorrhea testing is recommended for all sexually active women younger than 25 years, as well as older women who have new or multiple sex partners, or a sex partner who has a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

How is gonorrhea treated?

The standard recommended treatment for gonorrhea is a single injection of an antibiotic (ceftriaxone). In late 2025, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two new drugs to treat gonorrhea just weeks after the World Health Organization (WHO) sounded the alarm about antibiotic resistant infections. The two new drugs—gepotidacin and zoliflodacin—are both new kinds of antibiotics and represent the first completely new treatment options in over thirty years.

Patients with gonorrhea should also be treated for chlamydia (unless testing has ruled out chlamydia infection). People infected with gonorrhea are often also infected with chlamydia, so treatment is often prescribed for chlamydia as well, since the cost of the treatment is less than the cost of testing for chlamydia.

Here are some important points about treatment:

All medications should be taken as directed.
All partners should be examined and treated.
Sexual contact should be avoided until the patient and all partner(s) have been treated and cured.
Persons with symptoms after treatment should be tested again.
Persons who were treated with a non-recommended course of antibiotics (sometimes done if a patient is allergic or the drugs are unavailable) should also be tested again one week after treatment, even if they have no symptoms.
Infections detected after treatment with the recommended medications more commonly occur because of reinfection rather than treatment failure.

How does gonorrhea affect my health?

If untreated, gonorrhea can cause complications. Untreated infections in men may lead to:

Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland)
Scarring of the urethra, which can cause a narrowing or closing of the urethra
Infertility
Epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis, the elongated, sperm-carrying, cord-like structure along the posterior border of the testes)

Untreated gonorrhea infections in women may lead to:

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID can develop from several days to several months after infection with gonorrhea. Left untreated, PID can cause infertility.
Chronic menstrual difficulties
Postpartum endometritis (inflammation of the lining of the uterus after childbirth)
Miscarriage
Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder)
Mucopurulent cervicitis (characterized by a yellow discharge from the cervix)

About 1% of people with gonorrhea may develop disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), which is sometimes called gonococcal arthritis. DGI occurs when gonorrhea infection spreads to sites other than genitals, such as the blood, skin, heart, or joints.

Symptoms of DGI include fever, multiple skin lesions, painful swelling of joints (arthritis), infection of the inner lining of the heart, and inflammation of the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). DGI can be successfully treated using antibiotic regimens similar to those recommended for treating uncomplicated gonorrhea.

Gonorrhea can be passed from mother to newborn as the baby passes through the infected birth canal. Complications in infants include blindness, from untreated eye infections.

How can I protect myself?

There are many ways to prevent gonorrhea and other STIs, including mutual monogamy (having sex with only one uninfected partner), using condoms for vaginal and anal sex, and condoms or other barrier methods during oral sex.

How do I tell my partner about gonorrhea?

Telling a partner can be hard, but keep in mind that most people with an STI don’t know they have it. It’s important that you talk to your partner as soon as possible so she or he can get treatment. It is possible to pass gonorrhea back and forth, so if you get treated and your partner doesn’t, you may get infected again.