The HPV Vaccine Prevents Cancer
In the U.S., HPV infections are estimated to cause about 37,300 cases of cancer. The HPV vaccine can prevent over 90% of these cancers from ever developing.
Choosing A Non-Hormonal Contraception Option
Many of the birth control methods on the market today rely on hormones to prevent pregnancy mostly by suppressing ovulation. Hormonal birth control methods are among the most effective, and hormones are safe for most people. But some people shouldn’t use hormones because of health conditions and other may prefer not to. There are some good non-hormonal options.
Non-hormonal contraceptive methods fall into a few categories. First, you can make sure that sperm and egg never meet by changing your behavior so that you’re practicing abstinence some or all of the time or pulling out before ejaculation.
There are also some IUDs that do not contain hormones. They work by blocking the movement of sperm toward the egg.
You can also use a method that serves as barrier between partners like a condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap. These methods make sure that sperm and egg can’t meet. By covering the penis and preventing the exchange of bodily fluids, condoms also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Finally, you can have surgery that blocks the vas deferens or the fallopian tubes so that sperm and eggs can’t get to their usual meeting places. This is called surgical sterilization, and it is permanent.
This page is going to focus on barrier methods and surgical sterilization. Check out other pages on the site for more information on other non-hormonal methods like the copper IUD, condoms, and behavior-based methods (like celibacy and fertility awareness).
Barrier methods
In addition to condoms, there are three barrier methods on the market that you could choose from. The diaphragm, the cervical cap, and Phexxi which is an all-natural gel.
A diaphragm is a silicone disc that is cupped on one side like saucer. You put a little bit of spermicidal gel or cream in the cupped side. Then you fold it in half and insert it high up in your vagina (cup side in) so that when it opens, it sits just under the cervix. The diaphragm blocks sperm from getting near the cervix.
The spermicide has chemicals that stop sperm from moving. If sperm do make it around the barrier, the spermicide will make sure they don’t go any further.
Most diaphragms come in multiple size because people come in multiple size. You want the diaphragm to fit snuggly in you pelvis under your cervix with no room around it for sperm to get by. This means that you have to be fitted by a health care provider. The provider will give you a prescription for the correct size which you can fill at a pharmacy. A diaphragm can last for about two years, but if you gain or lose 10 or more pounds, or you have a baby, you need to be fitted again because your size may have changed.
Diaphragms should be covered by insurance. If you don’t have insurance, a diaphragm will cost somewhere between $85 and $250. The spermicide is available over the counter and costs around $10 or $15, but one kit (a tube of gel and an applicator) should last awhile.
You can put your diaphragm in before you have sex but if it’s been more than a few hours, you should add more spermicide inside the vagina. You should also add spermicide inside the vagina each time you have sex that day. Do not take out your diaphragm to do this, instead use an applicator like the one you might use with yeast infection medication.
You have to leave your diaphragm in for about 6 hours after sex to make sure that the spermicide has done its job. Keep in mind you can only leave the diaphragm in for 24 hours total, so you have to do some math to figure out when you to stop having sex.
When you’re ready to remove it, you can use your finger to grab the edge and pull it out. Wash it gently with soap and water and put it away for the next time.
Diaphragms are 94% effective if used correctly every time but only 83% effective in real life situations. That’s because there are a lot of steps to using a diaphragm, and people sometimes make mistakes. The most common mistake is not using it every time you have sex.
The cervical cap is a silicone cup. It is smaller than a diaphragm and meant to more directly cover the cervix. There is only one brand of cervical cap on the market in the U.S. right now. It’s called FemCap, and is available in three sizes. Which size you need—and how well it works—depends on your reproductive history because pregnancy and delivery changes the shape of your cervix.
The small size is for people who have never been pregnant. The medium size is for people who have been pregnant but didn’t have a full-term vaginal birth because they had a miscarriage, an abortion, or delivered via C-section. The large size is for people who had one or more vaginal births.
You need a prescription for FemCap, but because the sizes are based on your history and not your body, telehealth works just as well as an in-person visit. Once you have the prescription, you can get the cervical cap through the company’s website. The cervical cap should be covered by insurance and available at no-cost to you. If you don’t have insurance, it will cost $110. Cervical caps have to be used with spermicide that usually cost about $10 to $15 dollars for a tube and an applicator.
To use a cervical cap, you put a dime-size dollop of spermicide on the inside, a little more on the outside, and spread some to cover the rim. Then you insert it, cup side in and push it all the way up, so that it’s covering your cervix. You can put it in ahead of time and leave it in for up to 48 hours. If you have penis-in-vagina sex more than once, you should add spermicide to the vagina with an applicator every time. Do not take the cap out to do this.
Wait 6 hours after the last time you had sex and then take the cap out by hooking your finger through the removal strap and pulling down. Wash it carefully and put it away for the next time.
If you’ve never had a full-term vaginal delivery, the cervical cap is about 86% effective under typical conditions. If you have had one or more full-term vaginal deliveries, the cervical cap is only about 71% effective. People who have had vaginal deliveries may want to choose a different method.
Phexxi is relatively new to the market. It was approved by the FDA in 2020. Phexxi is a birth control gel, but it’s not like the over-the-counter spermicide you would use with your diaphragm or cervical cap.
It is made from all natural ingredients including lactic acid, citric acid, and potassium bitartrate (also known as cream of tartar). Phexxi comes in pre-filled applicators that you insert into the vagina right before you have sex.
Phexxi works by keeping the pH in the vagina too acidic for sperm to survive. You have to put a new applicator of Phexxi into the vagina every time you have sex. If it’s been an hour or more since you inserted the gel and you haven’t had sex yet, you need to put a new applicatorful in before you do.
If you use Phexxi perfectly, it’s 93% effective. In real life situations, however, it’s been found to be about 86% effective.
Phexxi is only available with a prescription. If you have insurance, it may be free. For people without insurance, it costs $389 for a box of 12 pre-filled applicators. The manufacturer offers a discount program that may make it less expensive.
Barrier methods can be a good choice for people who shouldn’t or don’t want to use hormones, because you only have to think about them when you’re going to have sex.
They are not as effective as other methods and do require some effort. You have to be comfortable putting your fingers inside your body to insert and remove devices and/or using an applicator to put gel into your vagina. Some people find diaphragms and cervical caps difficult to insert and remove, but others have no issues with that. Because all of these methods require a gel of some kind, they can be messy. They can also cause vaginal irritation and more frequent UTIs. If you’re prone to UTIs, talk to your health care provider about whether these are the right methods for you.
Barrier methods other than condoms do not provide any protection against STIs.
Surgical Methods
People who are sure that they never want to be pregnant (again) or never want to get someone pregnant (again) should consider surgical sterilization. These are procedures that tie or remove the fallopian tubes or the vas deferens to prevent sperm and egg from meeting.
Remember, to get someone pregnant sperm have to leave the testicles, travel through the urethra, out the penis, and then travel through the cervix and uterus to the fallopian tubes where they may find an egg. Cutting or removing either the vas deferens or the fallopian tubes can prevent this.
Surgical sterilization for a man is called a vasectomy. Vasectomies are simple procedures that are highly effective. A health care provider (usual a urologist) cuts the vas deferens, which are the tubes that sperm use to travel outside the testicles. They then cauterize (burn) each side to close it off permanently. The procedure is usually done in a provider’s office with a local anesthetic for pain. It takes only 15 to 30 minutes.
Vasectomies should be covered by insurance but can cost as much as $2,000 without insurance.
Recovery can be uncomfortable. You may have to spend a couple of days sitting with ice packs on the area, but most men are fully recovered within a week to ten days. You should refrain from any sex or masturbation for the first week. Once you do start having sex again, continue to use another form of contraception until your three-month follow-up appointment. At this appointment, your provider will ask for a semen sample and test it to make sure there are no sperm.
If you get a vasectomy, your testicles will still make testosterone and produce sperm, but the sperm can’t go anywhere. They will simply die and be reabsorbed into your body. When you ejaculate your semen will be the same as it’s always been. The consistency, amount, appearance, and taste will not change. It’s only if you looked under a powerful microscope that you could tell that there aren’t any sperm in your ejaculate. Sexual performance, orgasm, and enjoyment also don’t change.
A vasectomy is almost 100% effective. You may have heard anecdotes of people who got someone pregnant after getting snipped, but this is very rare. Once your provider has checked that you’re not releasing sperm, you are essentially infertile. This procedure should be considered permanent.
While some people do have vasectomies reversed, that is a very complicated micro-surgery that often does not work. Only think about getting a vasectomy if you are sure that you do not want to get someone pregnant at any point in the future.
For people who produce eggs, sterilization can be done by cutting and cauterizing the fallopian tubes (tubal ligation) or removing them entirely (salpingectomy). Many surgeons still do tubal ligation, but taking the fallopian tubes out entirely is becoming a more popular option because we now know that most ovarian cancer starts in the fallopian tubes. Some experts believe that if you’re not using your fallopian tubes anymore, it’s safer not to have them at all.
These are both surgical procedures that are typically done under general anesthesia (meaning you will be asleep during it). Sometimes these procedures are done when your abdomen is already open for another surgery or for a c-section delivery. Otherwise, they are usually done laparoscopically. This means that the surgeon doesn’t have to make a big incision, and you won’t have a big scar. It should also mean that recovery is easier. Most people recovery fully within a few days or a couple of weeks.
Having your fallopian tubes tied or removed does not affect your menstrual cycle, hormones, or sex life. You will ovulate as usual. Instead of traveling into the fallopian tube, the egg will go into your abdomen and will be reabsorbed by your body. Nothing else in your cycle should change.
Both procedures almost 100% effective. They are also both permanent. Some people who have had tubal ligations have had surgeries to try to recreate the fallopian tubes, but this is very complicated and there is no guarantee that it will be successful. Only consider surgical sterilization if you are sure you never want to get pregnant in the future.
Tubal ligation or salpingectomy should be covered by insurance. If you don’t have insurance, the procedures can cost as much as $6,000.
Surgical sterilization is permanent, almost 100% effective, and has no side effects after a brief recovery. Anyone who does not want to be pregnant or get someone pregnant in the future should consider sterilization.
If a heterosexual couple who plan to be together for a long time has decided they’re done having children and has started thinking about one partner getting sterilized, most providers would suggest that the man be the one to have the procedure. Vasectomies are simpler and less invasive, they do not require general anesthesia, and the recovery tends to be shorter and easier.
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